Physicists Calculate That A Barrel of Oil Would Be Sufficient To Power A Death Star Force Field

I guess that physicists have hit a wall with their research into string theory and dark matter–how else to explain the recent spate of bored academics calculating the amount of energy required to blow up an Earth-destroying asteroid, or, in this case, the amount of energy required to sustain a force field window for a Death Star landing bay?

As you know from Star Wars (and if you don’t know, why are you reading this blog?), force fields act as an outer door, allowing spacecraft to pass through, while also preventing internal atmosphere from escaping into space.

Such technology currently exists in the form of “plasma windows”–superheated, viscous ionized gas that is contained by a magnetic field. Physical objects can pass through this window, which can sustain a pressure differential of nine atmospheres.

The physicist calculates that the amount of energy required to create a plasma window large enough to accommodate the Millennium Falcon would be 4.7 gigajoules. That’s not a lot of energy, when you consider that a barrel of oil contains chemical energy equivalent to 6 gigajoules.

The physicist, however, offers the following caveat:

In order to fly a spacecraft through this region of high temperature and ionisation without damaging the craft a magnetic field could be erected around the craft with the same strength as the one in the window to prevent any of the plasma getting close enough to the ship to do damage. However, the interaction of the plasma with the two fields could produce effects that the author has not accounted for.

In the meantime, still no word on how many barrels of oil would be needed to power a planet-destroying laser.

 

Energy, Physics, Simulations, Space Travel, Star Wars

Would Androids Be Religious Fundamentalists?

Sci-fi authors and philosophers have long pondered the question of whether a self-aware being with artificial intelligence would be capable of–or interested in–embracing religion.

James F. McGrath, a theologian and professor of New Testament studies, explores some of these issues, including the idea of fundamentalism:

If androids are to be capable of religious sentiments and beliefs at all, then the capacity for symbolic as opposed to merely literalistic thinking might prove to be indispensable. Theologians have long expressed key concepts and doctrines through symbols and metaphors.

While we might briefly entertain the possibility that super-logical and ultra-literal androids might be enlisted in the service of fundamentalism, such a frightening scenario is extremely unlikely. Although fundamentalists of various sorts claim to believe the whole Bible and take it literally in a consistent manner, none in actual fact do so. In all likelihood, if androids were inclined to be extremely literal, they would quickly discover the selectivity of fundamentalism¹s self-proclaimed literalism and reject it, although the possibility that they might then go on to seek to enforce all the Biblical legislation in every detail should indeed worry us.

Unfortunately, McGrath neglects to consider the threat that religion poses for artificial intelligence. If there’s one thing that I’ve learned from watching Star Trek, contradictions and logical inconsistencies are always fatal to androids:

Artificial Intelligence, Religion, Robots, Sci-Fi, Star Trek

Commander William Adama: Unlikely Spokesman For The Egyptian Revolution

One of the many, many things that annoyed me about the original Battlestar Galactic was its “peace through strength” jingoism. The series never missed a chance to portray civilian leaders as corrupt and incompetent; and anyone who sought peace with the Cylon Empire was either naïve or a traitor. Only the military leaders could be trusted.

So, I was rather impressed (and relieved) when the reimagined series, from the very first episode, tackled the complexities of civilian-military relations in a democracy during a period of crisis.

But, was the new series a real improvement? An academic paper [pdf] published by the University of Massachusetts-Amherst—titled Security or Human Security? Civil-Military Relations in Battlestar Galactica—discusses how the show was frequently referenced during the political unrest in Egypt.

This was especially true of the episode, “Water,” when President Roslin calls on the Galactica crew to maintain order among civilians who are becoming restless due to privation. But, Commander William Adama is reluctant to take on that role:

“I’m not gonna be your policeman. There’s a reason we separate military and the police: one fights the enemy of the state, the other serves and protects the people. When the military becomes both, then the enemies of the state tend to become the people.”

This quote was widely circulated on the intertubes during the turmoil in Egypt. Blog threads on Reddit and Gizmodo reiterated the quotation along with a photograph of  Adama, encouraging readers to draw the connection. And they did, en masse. The Reddit thread attracted more than 500 comments. A Facebook Wall Photo page with the quotation contains 6,000 “likes” and over 1,800 comments.

And we saw tweets such as:

“Just gifted the entire run of Battlestar Galactica on iTunes to Egypt so they can see how a military and democracy can work together.”

“I know it’s sad, but my grasp of the interplay between Mubarak and Egypt’s military is much stronger from having seen Battlestar Galactica.”

But, as the academic authors note:

It is curious that this particular quotation has been widely politicized as emblematic of the “wisdom of BSG” because the show as a whole appears to position the military as a better provider of security for civilians than the civilian security sector. Against his initial impulses, Adama accedes to Roslin’s request.

Later, when a police force is trained on New Caprica, it is portrayed as a repressive tool from which the military must rescue the civilian population. Subsequently, it is civilians who take justice into their own hands with vigilante trials of former police officers, and once again it is up to intervene on the side of the law and encourage Roslin to establish truth commissions. This is a somewhat greater emphasis on the military as security provider than most of the security sector reform movement would argue is desirable.

Battlestar Galactica, Internet, Military, Politics, TV Shows

Physicists Calculate How Many Nukes Would Be Required To Blow Up An Earth-Destroying Asteroid (Bad news: We’re doomed.)

In a variation of the age-old question, How many licks does it take to get to the center of a Tootsie Pop?, three physicists from Leceister University decided to figure out [pdf] how many nuclear weapons would be needed to destroy an asteroid large enough to wipe out life on Earth.

They calculate the energy required would be an explosive yield equivalent to 2.3 x 10 to the power of 7 megatons. Since the largest warhead ever tested was 50 megatons, we would need  at least 463,000 nukes.

Unfortunately,  there are only 17,995 nuclear warheads in the world (goddamn post-Cold War peace dividend). As such, the physicists conclude that blowing up the asteroid is not a solution. However, they acknowledge:

This completely ignores other approaches involving explosives (such as diverting the meteor), but such discussion is beyond the remit of this article.

Thanks for keeping us in suspense.

Mathematics, Physics, Simulations, Stuff that blows up, The End of the World

Ten of Harlan Ellison’s Greatest Opening Sentences

Among sci-fi authors, Harlan Ellison definitely rates as the most adept at grabbing your attention from the first line of a story onwards. He is the master of the hook—and here are some of his best:

(1) They came flaming down out of a lemon sky, and the first day, ten thousand died.

(2) I knew she was a virgin because she was able to ruffle the silken mane of my unicorn.

(3) When they unscrewed the time capsule, preparatory to helping temponaut Enoch Mirren to disembark, they found him doing a disgusting thing with a disgusting thing.

(4) He drank ice crystals laced with midnight and watched their world burn.

(5) It was half-past September when the red phone rang.

(6) First there was the City, ever night.

(7) You’ll pardon me but my name is Evsise and I’m standing here in the middle of the sand, talking to a butterfly, and if I sound like I’m talking to myself, again you’ll pardon but what can I tell you?

(8) In the third year of my death, I met Piretta.

(9) If God (or Whoever’s in charge) had wanted Dr. Netta Bernstein to continue living, He (or She) wouldn’t have made it so easy for me to kill her.

(10) Limp, the body of Gorrister hung from the pink palette; unsupported—hanging high above us in the computer chamber; and it did not shiver in the chill, oily breeze that blew eternally through the main cavern.

Sci-Fi, Short Stories

Sometimes A Giant Mutant Homicidal Insect Is Just A Giant Mutant Homicidal Insect

Pop-culture scholars have come up with several theories to explain the popularity of the “giant insect” films that infested movie theaters throughout the 1950s and 1960s.

Big bugs were big box office. The sci-fi classic Them! — wherein ants from the nuclear testing range in New Mexico are mutated to gargantuan size by the residual radiation–was Warner Brothers’ highest grossing film in 1954 (more than Dragnet, A Star Is Born, or Dial M For Murder).

Among the theories explaining the popularity of giant bug movies: [1] they tapped into the Cold War anxiety over nuclear weapons [2] they were manifestations of the Red Menace (with parallels to the “hive mentality” of the communist states) [3] they represented the backlash against scientists “playing God” and a suspicion of the “technocratic elite.”

I, for one, welcome our new insect overlords.

However, writing in the journal Environmental History, William Tsutsui offers the most simple explanation: horror movies about giant insects represented peoples’ fears of….insects:

Movies like Them! and Earth vs. The Spider, I would argue, reflected a widespread unease about insect infestation and humankind’s ability to control it during the 1950s and early 1960s. The film critic John Brosnan, who grew up in western Australia, vividly remembered that Them! was not only terrifying, but also timely and curiously realistic since “at the time, Perth was suffering the great Argentine ant invasion which caused a great deal of chaos and inconvenience until a major extermination campaign got underway.”

America, needless to say, has a long history of combating voracious and deadly insects, from the plagues of locusts that darkened midwestern skies, to the boll weevils that decimated cotton crops in the south, to the Japanese beetles that confounded backyard gardeners, to the mosquitoes that spread malaria and yellow fever. The sense of public fear of destructive insects, stoked by entomologists, government officials, agricultural interests, and the pesticide industry, reached a fever pitch in the 1950s, at the very same time that giant bugs were swarming over movies screens across America.

 

Biology, Environment, Horror, Invaders!!!, Movies

How “The Martian Chronicles” Inspired The Pioneers of Astrobiology

An article in the journal ISIS [pdf] describes how astrobiology—originally called “exobiology”— emerged as a scientific discipline in the early years of the space program.

One of the most prominent figures during this period was Stanford geneticist and Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg, who organized the West Coast Committee on Extraterrestrial Life (WESTEX). Science-fiction stories had a profound impact on the scientists’ thinking, although they were reluctant to openly acknowledge that fact, lest it undermine exobiology’s credibility with the American public:

Lederberg originally presented exobiology as a problem of contamination. “Contamination,” as he described it, posed two very different threats. First, the surfaces of other planets had to be protected from biological, chemical, and radiological damage from terrestrial exploration. More troubling for earthlings, however, was the prospect of “back contamination”—the possibility that unfamiliar extraterrestrial viruses or bacteria might be brought to earth.

WESTEX invoked standard tropes —“the rabbit in Australia, smallpox in America, Treponema in Europe” —to help their audiences and themselves imagine the social, economic, and political dangers of unchecked space exploration. They were careful to avoid mention, however, of the most obvious referents for their concerns: H. G. Wells’s The War of the Worlds (1898) and Ray Bradbury’s The Martian Chronicles (1950).

Though Bradbury’s The Martian Chronicles had a less dramatic impact on the general population, it seems to have deeply affected Lederberg and his WESTEX colleagues. The novel portrays the American colonization of Mars at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Suspicious Martians outwit the first three expeditions; the fourth succeeds only because the vast majority of the Martian population has died from what appears to be chicken pox. The vulgar Americans stay on Mars just long enough to destroy the beautiful remnants of Martian civilization before returning home to destroy themselves through nuclear war.

Though WESTEX documents mention neither of these books explicitly, the themes of unintended consequences and self-annihilation echo throughout their discussions. Aaron Novick, a nuclear scientist turned biophysicist, for example, warned that the possibility of back contamination might require society to place restrictions on both scientific research and manned spaceflight, “if only to protect its own welfare.” WESTEX officially recommended a “vehement policy of exclusion” for returning spacecraft “until we can be sure that the welfare of the human species is secure from one of the few kinds of threat full [sic] within our capacity to avert.”

Biology, Extraterrestrial Life, Other Planets, Sci-Fi, Space Travel

Astronomers Are Searching For Tatooine

The majority of solar systems contain more than one star; our Sun is one of the exceptions, rather than the norm. However, we still don’t know whether planets are as abundant in these binary systems as they are around single stars. One question is whether planets could form when a second star is present, especially if the stars are close together. (A second star could disrupt the planet-forming dust and gases.)

Basically, there are two types of stable binary solar systems. There’s the type where there are two stars, but the planets only orbit one of them. And then there are circumbinary planets, which orbit both stars.

Polish astronomers at the Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center have been studying [pdf] the most efficient way to detect the presence of distant circumbinary planets. They call their project the “TATOOINE Survey.” And yes, they chose that name because the most famous circumbinary planet is the Skywalker family’s homestead. And, they even came up with an actual scientific acronym—

TATOOINE: The Attempt To Observe Outer-planets In Non-single-stellar Environments.

The project apparently caught the attention of George Lucas. The astronomers write in one of their papers:

We thank Lucasfilm Ltd for inspiring the TATOOINE planet search (and the careers of many of us), and Lucasfilm’s Senior Director of Business Affairs David Anderman for an excellent tour of the Lucasfilm complex upon hearing about our program.

Astronomy, Movies, Star Wars

Statistics Reveal That When Captain Kirk Gets Laid, Fewer Crew Members Die

Marketing consultant Matt Bailey applies his knowledge of analytics to study USS Enterprise mortality rates.

Unsurprisingly, he confirms what we already know: That serving aboard the Enterprise while wearing a redshirt is akin to a death sentence. (See here for a list of the “8 Nastiest Star Trek Redshirt Deaths.”)

However, Bailey digs deeper in his analysis of Star Trek episodes to determine which factors could increase/decrease the survival rate of redshirted crew members:

Besides not beaming down to a planet, another factor that showed to increase the survival rate of the red-shirts was the nature of the relationship between the alien life and Captain Kirk. When Captain Kirk meets an alien woman and “makes contact” the survival rate of the red-shirted crewmen increases by 84 percent. In fact, out of Captain Kirks’ 24 “relationships” there were only three instances of red-shirt vaporization.

Mathematics, Sci-Fi, Star Trek, TV Shows

Professors Debate Who Should Be Chosen To Survive A Zombie Apocalypse

Okay, time for a thought experiment: The zombie apocalypse has begun. You and a handful of survivors have found a safe, fortified place to fend off the undead. There’s just enough room for one more person, and you have to choose from five candidates: an engineer, an art historian, a geographer, a philosopher, and a film buff. Which one do you choose? Who would prove most useful in trying to survive and rebuild human society?

That was the subject of an academic debate held at the University of California at Santa Barbara. A variation of the famous “Life Raft Debate,” each professor was given the opportunity to make the case for his/her discipline.

There can be only one...

Herewith their arguments:

Dan Montello, Professor of Geography: “When Zombies Arrive, Geography Helps You Survive,” was the title of his presentation. Textbooks in geography cover topics ranging from the movement of the sun and seasonality, spatial coordinate and measurement systems, mapping and information display, climate and weather, salt and fresh water, soil, landforms, the distributions of plants and animals, and the distribution of ethnic groups and cultural practices. Thus, he argued, geography would help with such specific post-apocalyptic problems as finding potable water and edible food, defending the community from zombies and finding other groups of people with desirable social and cultural traits.

Jennifer Holt, Professor of Film and Media: Holt declared that her discipline knows the most about zombies, backing her claim with a lengthy list of zombie movie titles including Scoobie-Doo on Zombie Island and Zombie Vegetarians. She went on to argue that film would bring culture and a pleasant diversion to a society obsessed with survival. Entertainment helped people get through the Great Depression, she noted.

Jeff Moehlis, Professor of Mechanical Engineering: The professor brandished a silver contraption that he called the “telescopic hydraulic zombie brain crusher,” and demonstrated how the device works by crushing a prototype of a zombie brain  (a flesh-colored balloon). He also argued that his mechanical engineering skills would be key in rebuilding bridges and highways, facilitating transportation by building cars and “urban assault vehicles,” and providing electricity. He concluded, “Finally, if all is lost and we have to abandon earth, I will build a rocket…You might say I’m a badass zombie slayer.”

Laurie Monhan, Professor of Art History: She argued that an art historian is needed to provide avant garde stratagems to work through problems and to “tell us what we’ve done and what we haven’t tried…because the education system is working hard to make us all zombies.”

Aaron Zimmerman, Professor of Philosophy: The professor argued that with philosophy, “We’ll be able to reconstruct the whole of knowledge, because philosophy is the mother of all knowledge.” Being a “jack of all trades, a master of none, is usually a weakness,” he said, “but works to my advantage in this case.”

One graduate student made the case for not letting any of them in:  “What has their generation given us? A crippled economy, global warming, and now the apocalypse. Vote for someone with PhD in Kicking Ass and Taking Names.”

Education, Zombies